Organo-siloxanes



Patented Oct. 25, 1949 ORGAN SILOXAN ES James Franklin Hyde, Corning, N. Y., assignor to Corning Glass Works, Corning, N. Y., a corporation of New York No Drawing. Application February 26, 1942, Serial No. 432,528

1 Claim. 1

This invention is a continuation in part of my copending applications Serial Numbers 318,- 373 filed February 10, 1940, now Patent Number 2,386,466, and 353,302 filed August 19, 1940, now Patent Number 2,371,050 and relates to the prod-- ucts obtained by the hydrolysis and dehydration of organo-silicanes. The hydrolysis of a silicane of the type SiXi, where X is any hydrolyzable atom or group, such as halogen, alkoxy, hydrogen, etc., does not result in a simple hydroxy compound but produces instead a brittle, insoluble, infusible gel comprising a three-dimensional network of structural units composed of siloxane linkages as a result of the concurrent or subsequent loss of water from the intermediately formed lwdroxy compound.

The formation of a siloxane linkage requires the close approach of two hydroxyl groups. It is apparent that, in the formation of such a rigid structure, many hydroxyl groups become isolated and block some of the possible cross linkages. As the structural network becomes more complicated, dehydration becomes increasingly more difiicult, and the result is a partially dehydrated silica gel of poor dimensional stability.

Organo substituted silicanes of the type RSiXa are prepared by means of the well known Grignard reaction, where R may be any organic radi-cle which is capable of reacting with magnesium to form a Grignard reagent. Such organo substituted silicanes are also hydrolyzed on treatment with water, although the reaction is less vigorous than in the case of the unsubstituted silicanes under comparable conditions. Here, also concurrent dehydration or condensation with splitting out of water may occur so that a partially dehydrated product may result which can further be dehydrated by heat.

Here it will be seen that in each structural unit one of the four silicon bonds is blocked by the organic radicle R, and only three siloxane linkages can form. Such compounds are still capable of three-dimensional polymerization.

The chemical and structural changes occurring in this type of substituted silicane aretlie same as those described above in the formation of silica gel. The chief distinction arises from the fact that the property of solubility in organic solvents, particularly in the lower stages of condensation, is acquired due to the presence of the hydrocarbon radicle.' The tendency of intermediate partially dehydrated products to further dehydrate is also decreased. The latter tendency is more noticeable with increasing size of the radicle. As the stage of essentially complete dehydration is approached, the mono-substituted products, which in reality are substituted silica gels, lose their solubility and become hard and brittle. However, there is a marked improvement in dimensional stability over silica gel.

On substituting a second organic radicle, which may or may not be difierent from the first, a compound of the type RR'SiXz results. Such compounds also may be hydrolyzed and dehydrated, the dehydration probably proceeding to some extent concurrently with the hydrolysis, particularly if the temperature is allowed to rise.

In each structural unit two of the four silicon bonds are now blocked by the organic radicles R and R, and only two siloxane linkages are possible. Hence a three-dimensional network is no longer possible and the resulting liquid or solid polymers can comprise only chain and cyclic structures. Intermediate crystalline dihydroxy compounds can in some instances be isolated. The final products which are usually resinous in character bear little physical resemblance to silica gel but are closely related thereto in chemical structure, differing only in the restriction of' possible siloxane linkages. Organo-substituted silicanes of the type RR'R"SiX when hydrolyzed and dehydrated, yield very simple oxides in the structural unit of which three of the four silicon bonds are blocked by the organic radicles R, R and R".

In this case, ease of hydrolysis is further dimin- 3 ished and in some cases the intermediate hydroxy silicanes can be isolated. The completely dehydrated product is dimeric because only one siloxane linkage can be formed. The dimers are either crystalline or liquid.

Prior attempts to utilize the above described reactions have not contemplated combinations thereof, but have been confined more or less to the individual reactions and their products. Such products, as shown above, have limited utility and the range of properties obtainable in the products of a given type of reaction is relatively restricted. For example, the product resulting from Type I reaction is an insoluble, infusible gel of little utility; Type IV reaction yields generally inert liquid products which, although they are soluble in organic solvents, cannot 'be polymerized beyondthe dimer and hence cannot be utilized per se for coating compositions, resinous impregnants and the like.

An object of this invention is the production of new and useful products from these reactions which will have desirable predetermined properties.

Another object is to combine the above described reactions and thus to inter-condense the hydrolysis products of a plurality of substituted and unsubstituted organo silicanes.

Another object is to produce liquid products of varying viscosity.

Another object is to produce thermoplastic resinous products.

Another object is to produce thermosetting resinous products.

The new method comprises mixing predetermined quantities of two or more compounds of the types, SiXi, RSiXs, RR'SiXz, and RRRSiX, where R, R, and R." are the same or different organic radicles and X is any hydrolyzable atom or group, or two or more compounds of any one of these types, except Type I, the organic radicle or radicles being different for each compound, and causin them to hydrolyze together and to become inter-condensed. This is best accomplished by introducing into the mixture by dropwise addition thereto the amount of water which is calculated for complete hydrolysis of the mixture and which preferably is dissolved in from two to four volumes of a common solvent such as alcohol, dioxan, acetic acid, acetone, etc. Although a difference in the reactivity of the various individual types of hydrolyzable compounds and a variation in the amounts present in the ini tial mixture may make it desirable to vary the conditions of the process, as will appear from a consideration of the accompanying examples, the above recited procedure in general is to be preferred. The use of a water miscible solvent for diluting the hydrolyzable mixture or the water or both and the dropwise addition of the water insures the maintenance of homogeneity during hydrolysis. Under these conditions condensation or the formation of siloxane linkages occurs concurrently with the hydrolysis, but it is to be understood that the extent of further subsequent dehydration is optional and will depend largely upon the use to which the product will be put.

In any 'hydrolyzable mixture of silicanes, one or more of which is organo substituted and con tains from one to three hydrolyzable atoms or groups attached to the silicon atom, co-hydrolysis and dehydration by this method will result in inter-condensation or formation of interconnecting oxygen linkages between the silicon atoms of the various silicanes. The variety of the sub- 4 stituted organic radicles is limited only by their ability to form a Grignard reagent. In other words, the organo silicanes which may be employed in my process include all such compounds which contain one or more hydrolyzable atoms or groups and which may be prepared by means of the well known Grignard reaction. The radicles which may thus be substituted may include alkyl radicles such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, amyl, hexyl,- heptyl, to octadecyl and higher; alicyclic radicles such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, etc.; aryl and alkaryl radicles such as phenyl, monoand poly-alkyl phenyls as tolyl, xylyl, mesityl, mono-, diand tri-ethyl phenyls, mono-, diand tri-propyl phenyls, etc. naphthyl, monoand poly-alkyl naph- 'thyls, as methyl naphthyl, diethyl naphthyl, tripropyl naphthyl, etc.; tetrahydronaphthyl; anthracyl, etc.; aralkyl such as benzyl, phenylethyl, etc.; alkenyl suchas methallyl, allyl, etc.

If the hydrolyzable group or groups .of all of the compounds in the mixture to be hydrolyzed are halogens, it is preferable to employ dioxan as the solvent because it is inert to the halogens. If the mixture contains both halogens and alkoxy groups the former can be converted to the latter by the slow addition of dry alcohol to the mixture, .or the mixture can be diluted with dioxan and treated with aqueous alcohol. When the mixture contains only alkoxy groups any water miscible solvent may be used to ether with a trace of acid such as HCl as catalyst. In this case, alcohol may be preferred on account of its relatively low cost. Mixtures of water miscible solvents may be used.

In the above described method, the slow incorporation of water into the homogeneous solution ensures that hydrolysis is not permitted to proceed unchecked, whereby the more reactive silicane or silicanes, that is, silicanes containing few or no substituted organic radicles per silicon atom, would be more completely hydrolyzed and condensed before the less reactive or more highly substituted silicanes have had an opportunity to react. On the contrary, the less reactive silicanes are thus given a greater opportunity to hydrolyze simultaneously with the more reactive silicanes than would be the case if the hydrolysis were conducted rapidly. Under these circumstances, simultaneous condensation of the various intermediate hydroxy compounds takes place and an intimate intermolecular combination through siloxane linkages of .silicon atoms bearing different numbers and kinds of organic radicles becomes possible to the fullest extent. This insures a true inter-condensation with the formation .of homogeneous products containing mixed unit structures.

After removal of solvent and excess water the hydrolysis products resulting from the above process are water-immiscible liquids of varying viscosity. They are soluble in the common organic solvents such as benzene, toluene, etc. Many of them are thermoplastic, some are thermosetting, and some are thermally stable liquids. Further condensation and polymerization may be brought about by heating, which generally results in an increase in viscosity and in some cases, if carried to completion, results in resinous solid products. The desired .degree .of polymerization will depend largely upon the contemplated use of the product and may be varied at will, since the final physical properties depend directly on the total number of siloxane linkages per molecule and the disposition of the siloxane linkages,

Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5 Class 7 s) t) ro Class 8 Class 9 (i) can Class 10 Class 11 Class 12 It is to be understood that the order in which the structural units of the various organo-siloxanes is represented has no significance because the units may be joined in a multiplicity of ways to form chain and cyclic structures and combinations thereof. Also, the organic radicle or radicles in each structural unit may be varied in kind.

The partially dehydrated organo-siloxanes or hydrolysis products, after removal of solvents, are generally liquids of various viscosities and they vary in the extent to which dehydration has occurred at this stage. and the physical properties of the completely condensed organo-siloxanes vary with the kind of substituted organic radicles and with their number or with the final ratio of oxygen to silicon. Subsequent heating is usually necessary for complete dehydration, particularly when the oxygen to silicon ratio is greater than one. The extent of heating necessary depends upon the ease of dehydration which in turn depends upon the molecular size of the organic radicle or radicles present and the number of possible siloxane linkages, that is, the final oxygen to silicon ratio. Products containing methyl radicles dehydrate more readily than those containing ethyl, propyl, etc., radicles or phenyl radicles and in general products containing alkyl radicles dehydrate more readily than those containing aryl radicles. Ease of dehydration also increases as the number of radicles per silicon atom increases or as the final oxygen to silicon ratio decreases. When this ratio is les than one, the organo-siloxanes are oils of relatively low viscosity. Their volatility decreases with increasing molecular size of the radicles and at the same time the viscosity may increase somewhat. As the final oxygen to silicon ratio increases from 1.0 to 1.3, there is a corresponding increase in molecular complexity or the number of siloxane linkages and an accompanying increase in viscosity. When the ratio is in the neighborhood of 1.3 and aryl radicles predominate, particularly on the mono-substituted silicon atoms, the viscosity increases to such an extent that the organo-siloxane is a thermoplastic solid which may be fused and solidified by repeated heating and cooling. As the oxygen to silicon ratio is increased to the neighborhood of 1.5 and beyond (approaching 2) the organo-siloxanes tend to become thermosetting and more particularly if the molecular size of the radicles is decreased.

Thus it will be seen that uniformity of behavior not only makes possible a Wide variation in properties of the compositions, including viscosity, vapor pressure, melting range, setting rate, hardness, toughness, etc., but it also enables one to predict the most suitable combination of intermediate compounds for the production of an organo-siloxane for the desired purpose.

The following examples will illustrate the mode of operation of the processand the character of the resulting products. In the examples abreviations are used to designate certain radicles and groups thus: methyl (Me); ethyl (Et); ethoxy (OEt); phenyl (c5); benzyl (CH2); p

CLASS 1 Example 1 Equi-molecular proportions of SiCl4 and Si(OEt)3 were mixed and hydrolyzed by dropwise addition of aqueous alcohol. The resulting resin showed infinite electrical surface resistance and appeared to be unaffected by moisture. The resin fused when heated on a glass plate but did not become particularly brittle. After one-half hour of heating it showed signs of rapid thermosetting and became harder and more brittle, but did not crack on cooling.

The ease of dehydration Example 3 Ethyl orthosilicate was mixed with methyl triethoxy silicon in the molar ratio of 1/3. The calculated amount of H01 wa dd d t e mixture was shaken until it became homogeneous. Films of this material on glass crazed on drying out, due to rapid setting.

Example 4 A mixture of orthosilicate and methyl triethoxy silicon in the molar ratio 33/1 was treated with 5% H61 .and the mixture was shaken until it had become homogeneous. Gelation and syneresis gave a slightly cloudy resin closely similar to silica gel.

Example ,5

Silicon tetrachloride and benzyl silicon trichloride were mixed in the molar ratio '3 1. The mixture was diluted with an equal volume of dioxane. 0.04 mole of water in an equal volume of dioxane were added dropwise to the solution of chlorides. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting resin set very rapidly, is brittle and becomes insoluble in diox-ane on standing in the manner of silicic acid itself.

I I Composition: (.-.osg1osm-Q O/Si=1.87

Example 6 .Benzyl s l con ehl de and silicon tetrah i e w re m xed in cum-m lecu a pr porions. T m ture was then d luted w th an qua vo um f d y d Q ane. water was'mixed w th an equal volume of uioxane and the mix ure w dd d dropw se and s wly to the .well

agitated solution of the chlorides. A faint 1 .1, bidity indicated the completion of the co.-poly.+ merization. The resulting solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was a very viscous liquid showing rapid set at I80 C. On heating a film of this material 24 hours at to C a water clear and rather frangible resin results.-

CLASS 2 Example 7 Approximately 0.28 mole of ethyl silicate was mixed with approximately 0.25 mole of EtzSiClz. Aqueous alcohol was added to bring about "hydrolysis under homogeneous conditions. A viscous oily liquid resulted on evaporation of the solvent. On further heating gelation occurred 8 quite rapidly leaving a rubbery resin which be came somewhat brittle on further heating.

Ewample 8 Approximately .045 mol of ethyl silicate was mixed With approximately 0.15 mol of EtzSiClz and treated with aqueous alcohol- On evaporation an oily liquid remained, which set up slowly on extended eating n a glass plate to leave non-brittle coating.

Composition: (Oi0 (EtzSiO-) O/Si; 1.20

Example 9 A mixture of 5.1 parts by Weight of SiCl4 and 6.28 parts by weight of EtzSiClz was converted to esters by dropping in dry alcohol. Hydrolysis was accomplished by dropwise addition of 3 parts by weight of H20 diluted with four or five volumes of ethyl alcohol. Two liquid phases separated. The aqueous layer was removed. An extremely viscous tacky liquid resulted. This was dissolved in toluene for use in impregnation. A sample applied to glass fibre tape showed infinite electrical resistance. A sample heated on a glass plate at l80-190 C. for a half-hour was still a clear viscous liquid. After finally setting up on glass fibre tape by additional heating, the resin was hard and tough, but not brittle.

Composition: (-OSi 0-) (Et SiO) O/Si=1.43

I a l 4 Example 10 Equi-molecular proportions of 2SiCl2 and S1014 were mixed. To this mixture dry methyl alcohol was added slowly and H01 was evolved. Aqueous alcohol was added to cause hydrolysis. Some toluene was then added to dissolve the resulting resin and excess water and toluene was removed by boiling. The resulting liquid product was api plied to a glass plate and after two or three hours of heating at l-l90 C. the resin was still plastic while hot, but had lost its tackiness and showed a tendency to thermoset Qn cooling it cracked from the glass; due to its diflerence in expansion from that of the glass.

I V Composition: -OSiOT) (,e si 0-) O/Si=1.50

Example 11 0.54 gram of 2Si(OI-I").z was mixed with 0.45.

gram of SiCll by dissolving in benzene. After bOilil'lg for a fewminutes and allowing to stand overnight, crystals of the diol no longer separated out. A sample on a glass square at approximately 190 C. for two hours became a hard rather brittle resin, as in Example 10, after cooling to room temperature.

Examp A mixture of $1014 and 2SiCl2 in the approximate molar ratio of l/'1.8 was diluted with dioxane.- Moist air was then passed through the solution. After 1-8 hours hydrolysis appeared to be complete. Avery viscous sticky mass remained which set quite rapidly with heating to a resin 75 which was rather rubbery while hot, but hard and slightly brittle when cold. Further heating further advanced the set.

I Composition: (OSiO-) (zSiO-); O/Sl=l.64

Example 13 Three molecular parts of 2SiCl2 were mixed with one molecular part of SiCli. Dry methyl alcohol was then added to form the esters. It was diluted with acetone and aqueous acetone was then added dropwise. A viscous sticky mass remained on evaporation. It appeared perfectly homogeneous, and lost its tackiness, forming a hard thermoplastic resin on heating 24 hours.

Ewample 14 A mixture of SiCli and EtSiClz in the molar ratio 1/4 was hydrolyzed by adding glacial acetic acid. The oily product became resinous after extensive heating on the hot plate at 180-190 C.

I Composition: (OS|iO- (EtS[i0-) O/Si=l.20

Example 15 Equi-molecular proportions of Si(OEt)4 and Me2Si(OEt)2 were mixed and co-polymerized by adding dropwise the calculated amount of water containing a trace of HCl and vigorously shaking the mixture. Evaporation gave a very viscous liquid, which gelled rapidly with further heating giving a weak rubbery resin which crumbled readily. A sample on a glass plate with moderate warming began to craze and flake off. When the initial hydrolysis mixture was rapidly treated with an excess of water, co-polymerization did not occur but a gel similar to silica gel was precipitated.

I Composition: OS[iO- (M92S|iO-); O/Si=1.50

Example 16 A co-polymer was prepared from Si(OEt)4 and MezSi(OEt)2 in the molecular proportions of 1/3 by dropping in somewhat more than the calculated amount of water containing a trace of HCl. After evaporation, a transparent viscous oil remained which set very slowly and became a rubbery rather weak gel only after thirty-six hours of heating at 190 C.

i Composition: (OSliO (M825|i0); 0/Si=1.25

Example 17 .1 mol of Si(OEt)4 and .2 mol of MezSi(OEt)z were mixed and to the mixture was added dropwise the calculated amount of water (containing a drop of concentrated I-lCl) for complete hydrolysis. A viscous clear solution remained. After evaporation of the solvent 2. clear extremely tacky mass was left. A sample heated on a glass plate at 190 C. was still fluid after 2-3 hours. On heating for 20 hours it finally gelled to a slightly rubbery film.

I Composition: -OS|iO-) (MezSii0); 0/Si=1.33

Example 18 (Jo-polymerization of Si(OEt)4 and EtSiC1z was carried out in dioxane. The ratio was 2/3. A tacky soft resin remained, which set quite rapidiii ly with heating. After an hour at 190-200 C. it formed a tough resilient transparent film.

I Composition: OSiO) (EtSi0); 0/Si=l.40

l 2 I a Example 19 The oo-polymerization of Si(OEt) 4 and 2SiCl2 was carried out in a dioxane using the molar ratio of 2/3. After removal of solvent the material was a viscous sticky liquid. After heating at 190-200 C. for half an hour it showed signs of setting and was a non-tacky non-brittle resin at room temperature. On heating at around 200 C. for '72 hours, further setting occurred and the resin became hard and somewhat brittle.

CLASS 3 Example 20 Two molar proportions of MezSiCl and one of SiCh were mixed and diluted with two volumes of dioxane. This solution was then added dropwise to a solution of one part by volume of water in three parts of dioxane. On evaporation a viscous oil remained in which some free silica was suspended. In comparison, two molecular parts of 1VlezSiCl was esterified by dropping in alcohol. One part of Si(OEt)4 was then added and the mixture treated dropwise with water. The product was a homogeneous viscous oil which remained unchanged on heating for half an hour at 180 C.

Example 21 SiCh and Me2SiCl were mixed in the molar ratio 1/3. After dilution with two volumes of dioxane, aqueous dioxane was added with great care. In spite of precautions a "considerable amount of silica precipitated out showing clearly that satisfactory inter-condensation had not occurred. On evaporation, however, the liquid portion was somewhat more viscous than the oil obtained from Me2SiCl alone This behavior is undoubtedly due to the wide difference in reactivity of the SiCli and the trisubstituted halide.

To avoid this difiiculty a mixture of halides of the same composition were again diluted with dioxane. To this mixture glacial acetic acid was then added. There was no sign of precipitation. Some HCl was evolved after adding a volume of glacial acetic acid approximately equal to the original halide mixture and warming gently, an-

other volume of aqueous acetic acid (1/3) was added with further warming. On evaporation of solvent an oil. of medium viscosity resulted. This oil showed no tendency to body or change with heating at 180 C. for 20 hours.

Composition: -O liO) (MezSiO) O/Si=0.87 1

Example 22 A mixture of SiCh with gbMezSlCl in the molesular ratio 5/8 was diluted with an equal volume of dioxane. acid was added. Another volume of aqueous acetic (1/3) was added dropwise with warming. The solvent was then evaporated in vacuo leaving a medium viscosity liquid, which became slightly more viscous after two hours at 190 C.

Another volume of glacial acetic' Example 23 To a solution of Me2SiOEt and Si(OEt)4 in the molar proportions 2/1, 95% ethyl alcohol containing a few drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid was added. slowly with warming to effect hydrolysis and inter-condensation. Water was then added in excess to carry the reaction to completion. After evaporating off the solvents a slightly viscous liquid was obtained. A sample applied to a glass plate and heated at 190 C. for seventy-two hours remained quite tacky.

CLASS 4 Example 24 SiCl3 and EtzSiClz in the molar ratio of 1/12 were mixed. Alcohol was slowly added dropwise to convert the chlorides to esters. Aqueous alcohol was then added to hydrolyze the esters. On evaporating the solvent, a viscous oily liquid remained, which comprised a partially dehydrated co -polymer of mono-phenyl silicon oxide and diethyl silicone, and which became somewhat more viscous on further heating Composition: i0- (EtzSiO-) O/Si=l.23

Example 25 The former hardened very rapidly on heating and became brittle; the latter set slowl to some extent but remained flexible.

Example 26 EtzSiClz was mixed with SiCl3 in the molar ratio of 1.87/1 and diluted with dioxane. Aqueous dioxane was then added to bring about hydrolysis and co-polymerization. On evaporation of solvent a very tacky viscous liquid remained. It was perfectly homogeneous and showed little change on passing air through it at 260 C. for

three or four hours. Only after seven or eight hours further treatment had the viscosity increased noticeably. It was now a thermoplastic resin rather hard and non-tacky in the cold.

I Composition: Si0) EtzSiO) O/Si=l.17

Example 27 A mixture of SiCl3 and EtzSiClz in the approximate molar ratio of 1/12 was diluted with dioxane and the mixture hydrolyzed with aqueous dioxane. After removal of solvent and excess water the resulting soft thermoplastic resin was harder and somewhat more brittle at room temperature than the final product in Example Toluene was added and the 24, but became more fluid when heated to temperatures around 200 C.

I Composition: (SiO- (EtzSiO) 0/Si=l 23 Example 28 0.2 mol of EtSiCl2 was mixed with 0.3 mol of EtSiCIc, diluted with dioxane and hydrolyzed and co-polymerized by slowly adding aqueous dioxane. On adding benzene and evaporating a very viscous liquid remained. A sample applied to glass fibre tape was heated for three to four hours, at 220 C., after which time it was still flexible. When the EtSiCls and EtSiCl2 were used in the ratio of 2/1 and co-polymerization carried out in the same manner the initial liquid was definitely more viscous and, with heating, solidified more rapidly. On application to glass fibre tape this resinwas stiff and hard. The resin obtained from EtSiCls and EtSiClz in the ratio 7/1 set up quite rapidly on heating at IMP-220 0., although it passed through a rubbery flexible gel stage. An impregnated tape sample became too stiif. The mixture of two mols of E tSiCl2 with three parts of EtSiCla therefore appeared to produce the best combination for the impregnation of glass fibre tape.

Composition: (Et|i0) (EtSIiO 0/Si=1.30

Example 29 Some EtSiCh and EtzSiClz were mixed in the molecular ratio 6/4 and hydrolyzed and co-polymerized by diluting with dioxane and adding aqueous dioxane and-then evaporating. the solvent. Passing air through the resulting viscous liquid at 180-190 C. caused the viscosity to in crease. Five to eight hours of such treatment caused setting to a rubbery insoluble gel.

' I Composition: EtS|iO-) (Et S|iO-) O/Si=l.30

Example 30 A mixture'of 0.8 mol of MeSi(OEt) 3 and 0.2 mol of MezSi(OEt)z were hydrolyzed and co-polymerized by adding the calculated amount of water with a drop of concentrated HCl and shaking. On evaporation a liquid remained which on heating on a. glass square at 190 C. for 20 minutes gave a hard transparent film of remarkable clarity, which was quite resistant to scratching and did not loosen from the glass nor turn white after three hours heating in water at -90 C.

I Composition: (MeS]iO-) (Me S|iO-); O/Si=l.40

Example 31 A mixture of Si(OEt) 3 and Me2Si(OEt) 2 in the molar ratio of 3/2 was co-polymerized by slowly adding water. The hydrolysis furnished the water miscible solvent, ethyl alcohol. Heat was developed and an oily layer separated out. The product was a very viscous liquid, which thermoset slowly by heating, and on an iron plate was converted to a tough, insoluble film at 200 C.

I Composition: (SiO-) (MezSiO-): 0/Si=l.30

I a I 2 Example 32 0.1 mol of SiCla was mixed with 0.05 of a mol of MezSi(OEt)z and treated dropwise with water diluted with two volumes or alcohol. Turbidity developed and a clear homogeneous oily liquid separated which was dried by warming in a vacuum. A thin film on glass set only after 15 hours at 190 C. to a tough clear film. Heated in bulk for 18 hours at the same temperature, it remained unchanged. It is a thermoplastic resin and its behaviour when used for cementing glass plates indicated its vaule as an optical cement.

As evidence of co-polymerization, it was found that the product resulting from the hydrolysis of I:

SiCl3 alone is immiscible with the product resulting from the hydrolysis of Me2Si(OEt)z alone.

I Composition: bfiiO-) (Me1S|iO-); O/Si=l.33

Example 33 MeSi(OEt)s and MezSi(OEt)2 in the molar ratio of 6/4 were mixed and hydrolyzed by dropwise addition of Water with a trace of 1101 as cataylst. On evaporation the remaining liquid co-polymer was quite fluid. After approximately twenty minutes heating at 180190 C. it gelled and set-up. Dimethyl silicone is soluble in alcohol but treatment of the gel with alcohol failed to remove it, showing that co-polymerization had occurred.

| Composition: (MeSli0) MezS|iO-); 0/Si=1.30

Example 34 0.8 mol of MeSi(OEt)3 and 0.2 mol of MezSi(OEt) 2 were hydrolyzed and co-polymerized by adding dropwise the requisite amount of water with at race of HCl as cataylst, the alcohol formed in hydrolysis serving as the water miscible solvent. Evaporation at low temperatures left a viscous liquid. Application to glass and metal as a lacquer in solution in alcohol gave hard tough films with suitablebaking.

l Composition: MeS|iO-) (MezS[iO); O/Si=l.40

Example 35 A mixture of zSiCl2 and MeSi(OEt)3 in equimolecular proportions on dilution with dioxane and treatment with aqueous dioxane in the usual manner gave an extremely viscous soft resin. After twenty hours heating at 190 C. it shows no signs of thermosetting and gives a nice clear film on the glass, which shows no sign of cracking. It can again be fused by heating to 190 C.

I Composition: (MeSiiO) zSllO); O/Si=l.25

Example 36 A mixture of MeSi(OEt)3 and 2SiCl2 in the molar ratio of 2/1 was diluted with an equal volume of dioxane and then treated dropwise with aqueous dioxane until turbidity resulted. The resulting resin was fluid at 190 C. but non-tacky at room temperature. After heating for twenty hours it had become solid at 190 C. forming a good film which showed no tendency to crack off the plate.

1 Composition: (MeSiC (2S|lO); 0/Si=1.33

Example 37 Another resin formed in the same manner from MeSi(OEt)a and 2SiCl2 in the molecular ratio of 4/1 gave a tough clear adherent film which was solid at 190 C. after only two hours of heating.

1 Examples 36 and 37 show quite clearly how the physical character of the products for a given pair of intermediates can be controlled and predetermined in using my method of co-polymerization.

Example 38 A mixture of equi-molecular parts of EtSiCls and MeSi(OEt)z was diluted with an equal vol-' ume of dioxane. A mixture of water in two volumes of dioxane was then dropped slowly in with a fine pipette with vigorous stirring until a permanent cloudiness appeared. The solvent was then removed in a vacuum. A viscous soft resin remained. The material became slightly more viscous on heating overnight at 190 C., but remained a viscous tacky liquid at room temperature, which became more fluid on heating.

I Composition: (EtS|iO (MeSiiO); O/Si=l.25

Example 39 EtSiCla and Me2Si(OEt)2 Were mixed in the molar ratio 2/1. After dropwise treatment with water followed by removal of by-products a very viscous sticky resin remained, which gradually became harder and lost its tackiness with further heating, but did not get brittle. It should make a satisfactory baking enamel.

Composition: Et+0- (M92SiiO); O/Si=1.33

Example 40 '7 gms. of anhydrous ethyl alcohol Were added to 1 gm. of dibenzyl silicon dichloride and 6.7 grams of phenyl silicon trichloride. When the evolution of HCl was largely completed 11 grams of Cellosolv were added. 1.8 grams of water were added in four portions with shaking. The resulting solution was concentrated. After heating two hours at 175 C. the material was liquid while hot and was a soft resin at room temperature. Set to a brittle resin occurred after twelve hours heating at 175 C.

Example 41 Example 42 0.01 mol of SiCl3 and 0.02 mol of MezSi(OEt)2 were mixed. 1 cc. of dry dioxane was added. 0.03 mole of ethyl alcohol was added to convert the chloride to ester. 0.05 mol of water containing a slight amount of HCl diluted with 1 cc. of dioxane was added dropwise. The solvents were driven off by heating to yield a very viscous liquid unaffected by heat at 180 C., which is of interest as an electrical insulating oil.

Example 43 I Composition: MeSliO (CH1MeS]iO); O/Si=1.25

Example 44 One molar part of benzyl methyl diethoxy silicon and two of MeSi(OEt)3 were mixed. Copolymerization was carried out by diluting with dioxane and. adding acidified aqueous dioxane dropwise. Evaporation left a viscous liquid which was a slightly tacky resin for the first ten minutes of heating at 180 C. After two hours of heating a hard transparent resin resulted.

Example 45 Equi-molecular parts of MeSi(OEt 3 and M6281 (OEt) 2 were mixed. Slightly more than the calculated amount of water was added dropwise, both the ester mixture and the water being diluted with dioxane before mixing. The resulting product on freeing from solvents is a soft resin. Films of this material set to a hard tough coat on glass after baking one and a half hours at 180 C.

I Composition: MeS[iO-) (MezSiiO); /Si=l.25

Example 46 A mixture of equi-molecular parts of EtSiCls and EtSiCl2 was diluted with an equal volume of dioxane and aqueous dioxane (l/Z) was added dropwise with vigorous shaking until a permanent turbidity developed. After removing the solvent and any excess water by vacuum treatment at room temperature an oil of medium viscosity remained. It was quite fluid at 200 C. and its viscosity was little affected in one to two hours of heating.

I Composition: EtSiiO Et5ii0 O/Si=1.25

Example 47 A mixture of EIZSiCls and EtSiCl2 in the molar ratio 2/1 was diluted with dioxane, treated dropwise with aqueous dioxane while warming and shaking vigorously, and finally evaporated in vacuo. The resulting co-polymer was much more viscous than that obtained from equi-molecular quantities of the same starting materials. On heating for 18 hours at around 200 (3., it was a slightly tacky soft resin.

Composition: (Et|iO- (EtSliO-); O/Si=1.33

16 Example 48 A mixture of EtSiCls .and EtSiCl2 in the molar, ratio of 4/1 was co-polymerized in the manner described in the preceding example. An extremely viscous tacky liquid resulted which showed definite signs of thermosetting after two hours at 190-200 C., becoming a soft somewhat plastic resin which could be further set by continued heating.

I Composition: (EtSiO- (q5EIZSlO O/Si=1.40

Example 49 MeSi(OEt)3 and MeSi(OEt)z were mixed in the molar ratio 3/2 and co-polymerized as before. Evaporation of solvent left an extremely viscous tacky fluid. Its viscosity increased readily to a noticeable extent on heating around 200 C. There was no further noticeable change after two hours heating and on cooling a slightly tacky thermoplastic resin remained. Compare Example 48 having Et in place of Me.

I Composition: (MeSIiO-) (MeS[iO-); 0/Si=l.30

Example 50 Some SiCl3 and MeSi(OEt)2 were mixed in the molar ratio 3/1. After co-polymerization an extremely viscous soft resin remained, which was a very viscous sticky liquid after two hours at 190 C. After 20' hours heating, it was slightly soft and tacky while hot, but non-tacky and rather hard and brittle at room temperature.

I Composition: (SiiO-) (MeS[iO); 0/Si=1.37

Example 51 The co-polymerization of MeSi(OEt)s and -EtSiCl2 was carried out in dioxane in the molar ratio 3/1. The very viscous liquid was definitely thermosetting and after one hour at 190-200 C. it formed a tough leathery film.

I Composition: (MeS|iO- (4 EtS|iO); O/Si=l.37

Example 52 To a solution of CH2S1CI3 and MezSi OEtJz in equimolar proportions was added slowly ethyl alcohol to effect hydrolysis and inter-condensation. Water is then addedin slight excess to complete the reaction. After boiling ofi' the solvents, the resulting viscous oi-l hardened somewhat at C., but remained a thermoplastic resin unchanged by further excessive heating.

' I Composition: (4 CH2S|iO- (Megsli 0) 0/Si=l.25

Example 53 To a solution of CH2CH2S1C13 and MezSilOEt) 2 in the molar proportions 1/2 was added slowly 95% ethyl alcohol to eilect hydrolysis and intercondensation. Water was then added in slight excess to complete the reaction. After boiling off the solvents, the concentrated product gave an excellent tough hard resinous film in two hours at 190 C.

Example 54 To a solution CH2 zSiC12 and MeSi(OEt)3 in the molarvproportions 1/2 was added slowly 95% I ethyl alcohol to effect hydrolysis and inter-condensation. Water was then added in slight excess to complete the reaction. After boiling off the solvents and in three hours at 190 C. a tough hard thermoplastic resinous film was obtained. In 20 hours at 190 C. the film had set, but remained tough.

Example 55 (CH2)zSi(OI-I)2 and C12H25SiCls in equi-molar proportions were mixed and alcohol was added as solvent. Water was then added in slight excess to complete the reaction. After boiling off the solvents, the oily product gives a hard resinous film in two hours at 190 C.

Example 56 To a solution of CH2(Me)Si(OEt)2 and MeSi(OEt)3 in the molar proportions 1/3, 95% ethy1 alcohol containing a few drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid was added slowly with warming to efiect hydrolysis and co-polymerization. Water was then added in excess to carry the reaction to completion. After evaporating the solvents, the concentrated residual oil was applied to a glass plate and heated at 190 C. In two hours a rough, yet soft and flexible thermoplastic resin was obtained. The film set further in twenty additional hours, but retained its softness and flexibility.

Example 57 Composition: (MeA[iO-) (GH CHzS|iO- O/Si=1.40

Example 58 When the same compounds as in the preceding example but in the molar proportions 2/3 are copolymerized as before, a somewhat better product is obtained. The resin is thermosetting and hardens after three hours at 180 C.

l Composition: (Me|i0 (cSCHzCH2SliO); O/Si=l.30'

Example 59 To a solution of CH2CH2(MB) Si(OEt)2 and SiCl3 in the molar proportions 1/2 was added slowly 95% ethyl alcohol to effect hydrolysis andinter-condensation. Water was then added in slight excess. After boiling off the solvents, an excellent hard tough thermosetting resin was ob tained at 190 C. in two hours, remaining nonbrittle after twenty more hours at 190. It is 1'8 superior to the thermosetting resins obtained in two hours at 180 by either component alone.

Example 60 To a solution of MeSi(OEt)a and CH2() $1012 in the molar proportions 3/1 was added slowly ethyl alcohol to effect hydrolysis and intercondensation. Water was then added slowly in slight excess to complete the reaction. After boiling off the solvents, an excellent tough hard resinous film was obtained in three hours at In less than twenty hours the film had set,- but remained non-brittle.

1 Composition: (MeA|iO-) (CH;S|iO-); 0/Si=1.37 a

Example 61 To a solution of CH2SiCl3 and CH2()S1(OH)2 in the molar proportions 2/1 was added slowly 95% ethyl alcohol to effect hydrolysis and intercondensation. Water was then added in slight excess to complete the reaction. When the solvent was boiled off and the co-polymer was heated at C. it became a thermoplastic resin,

O/Si= 1.33

Ezwmple 62 A solution of SiCl3 and CHz() SiC12 in the molar proportions 3/1 was diluted with approximately twice its volume of dioxane and then hydrolyzed and inter-condensed by the slow additions of a 1:3 solution of water in dioxane. After removing the solvent, a thermoplastic resinous film was formed in air hours at 190 C. After twenty-four hours at 190 the film was still slightly tacky.

Example 63 A mixture of CH2() Si(OH)2 and CH2=C(CH3)CH2S1C13 in equimolar proportions was diluted with approximately twice its volume of dioxane and then hydrolyzed and inter-condensed by the slow addition of a 1:3 solution of water in dioxane.

removing the solvent, a tough hard thermoplastic film was obtained in four hours at 190 C.

Composition:

Example 64 A solution of CH2=CHCH2S1C13 and (CH2=CHCH2) 281012 in equimolar proportions was diluted with approximately twice its volume of dioxane and then hydrolyzed and inter-condensed by the slow additions of a 1:3 solution of water in dioxane. After removing the solvent, the concentrated oil set in one-half hour to a hard crumbly resin resembling After essence 20 amorphous silica. (some .allyl groups are retion. Water was then added in excess to carry moved by heating in air.) the reaction to completion. After evaporating the solvents and heating for twenty-four hours Composition:

at 190 C., a hard and tough thermosetting resm Composition: Example 65 I To a solution of MezSi(OEt)2, l a F )1 3 3; 81:13)

CH2=C(CH3)CH2SiC13 Example 70 and (CH2=C(CH3)CH2)2S1C12 in equimolar pro- To a solution of CH2(Me) Si(OEt) 2, portions was added slowly 95% ethyl alcohol to Mezsfiomh and Mesflomh eifect hydrolysis and inter-condensation. Water was then added in slight excess to complete the in the molar proportions 1/1/3 respectively 95% reaction. After boiling off the solvents and heatethyl alcohol containing a feW drops of 00110611- ing, a, tough hard resinous film was formed in trated hydrochloric acid was added slowly With three hours at 190 C., and remained about the warming to eifect hydrolysis and co-polymerizasame after twenty additional hours at this temon. Water was then added in excess. After perature. (Methallyl compounds alone give a vap r the Solvents. a thermoplastic resin very brittle and crumbly resin) was obtained in three hours by heating the co- Emmple 66 polymer at 190 0., which hardened somewhat with further heating.

A solution of 2SiCl2, CH2=C(CH3) CHzSiCla and Com ositimr (CH2==C(CH3)CH2)2SiCl2 in the molar propor- P tions 2/5/5, respectively, was diluted with ap- CH,(Me)SiO Meflsio Olshmo proximately twice its volume of dioxane and l a l )1 l )1 then hydrolyzed and inter-condensed by the slow addition of a 1:3 solution of water in dioxane. Example 71 After removing the solvent and after heating for To a solution of MeSi(OEt)z, Me2Si(OEt )2 one hour at 190 C., the product set to a hard nd SiCl3 in the molar DrODO /3 recrumbly resin. (Methallyl radicles are lost; inspectively was added slowly 95% ethyl alcohol corporation of more diphenyl compound would to effect hydrolysis and inter-condensation. give a tougher re in.) Water was then added in slight excess. After Example 67 I boiling off the solvents and heating at 190 C. the

viscous oil gave a thermoplastic resin which Toamlxture f(CH2)2S1(OH)2 gradually set. Although somewhat tacky in CH2=CHCH2S1C13 and (CH2=CHCI-I2)2SiCl2 twenty-four hours, a hard and tough film was in the molar proportions 2/5/5, respectively, was obtamed b heatmg forty'elght hours at added slowly 95% ethyl alcohol to effect hydrolysis and inter-condensation. Water was then Composmon' a a O/spmo added in slight excess to complete the reaction.

After boiling off the solvents a liquid remained Example 72 which appeared to lose radicles and a hard To asolution of CH2CH2(Me)Si(OEt) 2, 2SiC12 crumbly thermosetting resin was obtained on and MeSi(OEt)3 in the molar proportions 1/1/3 heating at 190 C. respectively, 95% ethyl alcohol containing a few Example 68 drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid was To a solution of MeSi(OEt)2 and C12H25SiCls added slowly i Warming to effect hydrolysis in the molar proportions 1/2 was added slowly f g g g i g 95% ethyl alcohol to eifect hydrolysis and interm excess 61 evapora mg 8 sc'lven he concentrated oil gives an excellent clea hard condensation. Water was then added 1n slight tough thermoplastic resin upon heating four excess to complete the reaction. After boiling 0 off the solvents and heating for three hours at F at 190 In than p y hqurs at 190 C., a somewhat hard thermosetting resinous thls s? the resm reta'mmg Its film was obtained cellent qualities.

I 65 Composition:

0 a solutlon of CHa(Me)S1(OEt)2, CLASS 5 MeSi(OEt)a and MeSi(OEt)a in the molar proportions 1/1/3 respectively 95% Example 73 ethyl alcohol containing a few drops of concen- A small sample of liquid phenylsilicic acid, trated hydrochloric acid was added slowly with SiOOH, in benzene solution was boiled down to warming to effect hydrolysis and co-polymeriza- 75 remove water. Benzene was again added. A

Composition: (CizH25|iO) (rpMeS|iO); O/Si=1.33

volume of MezSiCl, equal to the phenyl siliclc acid was then added. After evolution of HCl had ceased the solution was evaporated on the hot plate. A rather hard brittle resin remained after continuing the heating for a short time.

Example 74 Example 75 When MeSi(OEt)a and MezSiCl in the molar ratio 3/1 were hydrolyzed and inter-condensed by dropwise addition of water, followed by evaporation of excess water and alcohol a thick oil remained, which was essentially unchanged after ninety-six hours at 180-190 C.

Example 76 0.3 part by weight of sSiCl and 11.6 parts by weight of MeSi(OEt)a were refluxed for a half hour with 5.2 parts by weight of anhydrous alcohol. The amount of water required for complete hydrolysis was added dropwise to the mixture. Films of this material set to an infusible state within thirty minutes at 180 C.; they are more flexible than films of monomethyl silicon oxide alone.

I Composition: (MeS|iO (4 SiO-)1 O/Si=l.48

Example 77 0.3 part by weight of 3SiCl and 7.3 parts by weight of SiCl3 were dissolved in approximately two volumes of dioxane. An excess of distilled water was added dropwise at room temperature. The material was initially thermoplastic but set to an infusible resin on heating 3 to 25 hours at 180 C. It forms a good high temperature paint on admixture with appropriate pigments such as ochre, ultramarine, etc.

Example 78 0.25 part by weight of 3SiCl and 2.21 parts by weight of SiCl3 were dissolved in 2.4 parts by weight of dioxane. The theoretical amount of water was added. Some material precipitated out which was redissolved by adding more dioxane. The product, after evaporating the solvents, was a tacky thermoplastic resin. Gradual thermosetting occurred on heating at 150 C., and after 12 to 18 hours heating it had set to a hard infusible coating.

Composition: (%i0) (dnSiO-h; O/Si=1.49

22 Example 79 0.60 gram of MeSi(OEt)a and 0.33 gm. of 3SiCl were dissolved in 2.04 gms. of anhydrous ethyl alcohol. Twice the theoretical amount of water for complete hydrolysis, 0.20 gm., was added. The product was a soft resin which showed signs of hardening after five to six hours at 180 C. This material as films on glass plates will withstand much longer periods of heating at 180-250 C. without crazing than will methy silicic acid under similar conditions. a

I Composition: (MeSiO-) (p SiO); O/Si=1.25

Example 80 0.13 gram of 3SiC1 and 0.78 gm. of MeSi(OEt)s were dissolved in 2.4 gms. of anhydrous ethyl alcohol. Twice the theoretical weight of water required for complete hydrolysis was added dropwise. The viscous soft resin obtained on evaporating alcohol and water was found to set rapidly on heating.

Example 81 To a solution of MeaSiOEt and SiCl3 in the molar proportions 1/4 was added slowly 95% ethyl alcohol to effect hydrolysis and inter-condensation. Water was then added in slight excess. After boiling off the solvents, the viscous oil was slowly converted at 190 C, into a slightly tacky thermoplastic resin.

Example 82 To a solution of (CI-I2)sSiCl and MeSi(OEt)s in the molar proportions 1/5, 95% ethyl alcohol containing a few drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid was added slowly with warming to effect hydrolysis and inter-condensation. Water was then added in excess. After evaporating the solvents, a hard but tough, non-brittle ther-mo-.

setting resin was otbained in three hours at 190 C., which remained unaltered after an additional twenty-four hours at this temperature.

Example 83 To a solution of MesSiOEt and CH2SiCl3 in the molar proportions 1/4 was added slowly 95% ethyl alcohol to effect hydrolysis and inter-condensation. Water was then added in slight excess. After boiling off the solvents, the very viscous liquid gave a good thermoplastic resin when heated at 190 C. for 48 hours. After this time it gradually set, although it was still slightly tacky at elevated temperatures.

I Composition: GHzSliO- (MeaSiO) O/Si=l.30

Example 84 To a solution of 2MeSiOEt and MeSi(OEt)s in the molar proportions 1/3, ethyl alcohol containing a few drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid was added slowly with warming to effect hydrolysis and inter-condensation. Water was then added in excess. After evaporating the solvents, a soft thermoplastic resin was obtained by six hours heating at C. The resin had nearly set in 24 hours, and was quite tough '23 though still somewhat soft and flexible after 48 hours at 190. C.

I Composition: (MeSEO) (dzMQSiO-h'. Q/Si=1.25

CLASS 6 Example 85 E'qui-molecular parts of pMezSiCI and MezSiiOEtla were mixed, and treated dropwise with the calcu lated amount of Water for complete hydrolysis diluted with four volumes of alcohol. evaporation of solvent a mobile liquid remained, which was unchanged by heating and should be satisfactory as a transformer oil.

Composition: (MezSiiO-j (MezSi0-)1;' OfSi=t75 Example 86 Two equivalents of MeSiClz and one of MezSiCl were mixed and diluted with dioxane. An amount of water slightly in excess of the calculated quantity was slowly added. On dilution with water after completion of the inter-condensation the product was precipitated as an oil.

Composition: (oMeSiO-h (Me SiO)1; O'[Si.=0.83

Example 87 2 cc. of anhydrous ethyl alcohol were added to 1 gram of tribenzyl silicon: chloride and 8.7 grams of MezSi(OEt) 2. The mixture was allowed to stand for one hour and then an equal volume of a 1 to 1 mixture of concentrated aqueous HCl and 95% ethyl alcohol was added. The mixture was heated and. then diluted with water. The product was a homogeneous oil which was comparable to dime'thyl silicone in its lubricating properties.

Example 88 To a solution of MesSiO'Et and (CH2=CCH3) CHzhSiCla in the molar proportions 1/2 was added slowly 95% ethyl alcohol to effect hydrolysis and intercondensaticn. Water was then added in slight excess. After boiling off the solvents, an oily liquid remained, which appeared to lose methallyl radicles since after heating two hours at 190 C., a hard brittle thermosetting resin was obtained (although not as brittle as from the methallyl compound alone) Composition:

((CH2=C (CH3) CH2)2SiO-) (MeaSiOh; 0/Si=0.83

Example 89 To a solution of CH2()SiCI2 and MesSiOEt in the molar proportions 1/2 was added slowly 95% ethyl alcohol to effect hydrolysis and intercondensation. Water was then added in slight excess. After boiling OK the solvents, the concentrated product was a slightly viscous liquid.

1 Composition: CHzSiO-) (MezSiO-h; 0/Si=0.67

Example 90 To a solution of MezSMOEtl-z and MeaSiOEt in equimolar proportions 95% ethyl alcohol con-- taining a few drops: of concentrated hydrochloric 24 acid was added slowly with warming to effect bydrolysis and inter-condensation. Water was then added in excess. After evaporating the solvents, a low viscosity liquid product of wide boiling range was obtained.

Example 91 As in the. previous example Me2Si(OEt) 2. and MEsSiOEt were co-hydrolyzed and inter-condensed, except that the molecular proportions were 10:1 respectively. A liquid product of somewhat higher viscosity and boiling range than that in the previous example was obtained.

Composition: (MezS{O) (MeaSiO)1; O'/Si=0.95

Example 92 To a solution of (CH2)sSiC1'and MezSi(0Et)z in the molar proportions 1/5 was added slowly ethyl alcohol to effect hydrolysis and intercondensation. Water was then added in slight excess. After boiling off the solvents, the concentrated product was a rather viscous liquid.

Composition? (MezSiO-) (Q tCHiMSiO-fig, OlSi=L92 CLASS '7 Ewample 93 0.01 mol of Si(OEt) 4, 0.01 mol of MeSi(OEt)3 and 0.01 mol of MezSi OEt z were mixed. 1.6 grams of 0.5% H01 were mixed with 2 cc. of ethyl alcohol and then were added dropwise to the mixed esters. Evaporation of solvent in vacuo gave a viscous mass. A film of this material on a glass plate was water-clear and crazed on drying out at room temperature.

Composition:

Example 94 Equimolecular parts of ethyl orthosilicate and p-tolyltriethoxysilicane and benzylmethyldiethoxy silicane weremixed and diluted threefold with dry dioxane. An. excess or water slightly acidified with HCl and diluted with an equal volume of dioxane was added dropwise. Solvents were removed under reduced pressure. The material was a thermoplastic resinwhich was somewhat soft at room temperature. Thermosettingoccurred within 18 hours at C.

Example 95 CLASS 8 Example 96 One molecular part of tribenzyl silicol was added to a mixture of one molecular part of silicon tetrachloride and one molecular part of. benzyl silicon trichloride. On warming gently so that the more volatile components of the mixture were retained by reflux the crystals of tribenzyl silicol were dissolved. The solution was then diluted with an equal volume of dioxane. A mixture of water and dioxane, one to one by volume, was added dropwise until a slight turbidity was evident. The solution was freed of volatile materials under reduced pressure. The material was a viscous oil which was still liquid after heating 18 hours at 180 C. but which set to a relatively soft resin on cooling after such heating.

CLASS 9 Example 97 Si(OEt) 4, Me2Si(OEt)2 and (CHz) 3SiCl were mixed in the mol ratio 3/3/1 and three volumes of dioxane were added. Solution was complete when the mixture was warmed. 0.5% H01 diluted with dioxane was added dropwise. The solution was concentrated to leave a tacky solid, which was thermoplastic, but which thermosets in 1 hour at 180 0.

CLASS 10 Example 98 Me2Si(OEt) 3, Me2Si(OEt) 2, and Me2SiOEt were mixed in equimolecular proportions and diluted with dioxane. 4% aqueous HCl mixed with dioxane was added dropwise. The solution was concentrated under reduced pressure leaving a viscous oil.

Example 99 Equimolecular proportions of MgCl, EtMgCl and SiCl4 in ether solution were slowly mixed and maintained at 20-30 C. until the reaction was completed. The ether was then distilled off leaving a mixture of mono-, diand tri-substituted silicon chlorides. This was diluted with 2 volumes of dioxane and treated with moist air. Evaporation on the hot plate gave a viscous liquid which gelled quite rapidly to a rubbery mass, which was quite tough and hard after three hours.

Example 100 Equal molar proportions of MeSi(Et)3, EtSiClz and MezSiOEt were mixed and dissolved in an equal volume of dioxane. The compounds were hydrolyzed by dropwise addition of a solution of water and dioxane in the volumetric proportions of 1/2. Th solvent and excess water were subsequently removed by evaporation at room temperature under reduced presviscosity. It did not solidify when heated on a glass plate for 1%; hours at 190 C.

Composition:

CLASS 11 Example 101 Si(OEt)4, MeSi(OEt)z, Me2Si(OEt)2, and (CHz)aSiCl were mixed in the mol ratio of 1/ l/ 1/3. The chloride was only partially soluble in the mixed esters. The addition of a small amount of benzene brought complete solution.

, Dilute aqueous I-ICl was further diluted with two volumes of ethyl alcohol and added dropwise to the above mixture with warming. After evaporation a tacky resin remained. Thermosetting occurred during six'hours of heating at C.

Composition:

(OS iO- (MeS iO) (MerSiO-) ((0 CH2)aSiO-)a;

I 1 I 1 I l 0/si=1.2o

Example 102 1 Equi-molecular parts of Si(OEt)-1,

MeSi(OEt) 3 CH2(l\ Ie) Si(OEt)2, and MesSiOEt were mixed and diluted with two volumes of dioxane. Hydrolysis and inter-condensation were brought about by the addition of aqueous dioxane with a trace of HCl. On removal of solvent a resin remained which was very soft at room temperature and fluid at 180 C.

Composition:

O/Si=l.25

Example 103 CLASS 12 Example 104 One gram of dodecyl silicon trichloride and 6.3 grams of phenyl silicon trichloride were added. to 10 grams of anhydrous ethyl alcohol. Homogeneity resulted after the addition of 5 grams of Cellosolve. An excess of water was added dropwise. A soft tacky resin remained after solvent removal. On heating for a short time at 265 C., films on glass and metal were still somewhat soft. Further heating caused the films sure. The resulting product was a liquid of 19W 5 to become very hard. Tests with pigments in- 27 dicated that a good high-temperature paint can be prepared from this material.

Example 105 Composition: (S%O-- (C1zH15SllO) /Si=1.50

Example 106 One gram of dodecyl silicon trichloride and 5.3 grams of MeSi(OEt)s were dissolved in 10 grams of Cellosolve. 0.15 to 0.20 gram of ethyl alcohol were added dropwise. The solution was heated and 0.9 gram of water was added. After freeing from solvents the resinous product was homogeneous. This indicates that the product is a co-polymer because mixtures of the individual resins per se are not homogeneous. Setting occurred within an hour at 175 C., yielding a very brittle resin.

Erample 1 0.7

0.2 mol of MeSi(OEt)3 and 0.02 mol of SiCl3 were mixed. About 5 cc. of anhydrous ethyl alcohol were added and the mixture was heated on the hot plate till the evolution of HCl became inappreciable. 0.06 mol of water was added dropwise. Cellosolve was then added and the mixture was heated to boiling for fifteen minutes. A soft resin was obtained on driving oif the solvents. After one hour heating at 180 C., a stable hard film remained.

Composition: (MeS %O- (4 S%O); O/Sl=1.50

Example 108 MeSi(OEt) sand SiCl3 were mixed in the molar ratio of 1/3. Five grams of anhydrous ethyl alcohol were added and the mixture heated until the evolution of H01 had become inappreciable. Twice the calculated amount of water was added dropwise. Cellosolve was then added; the mixture was heated to boiling for fifteen minutes. The co-polymer was a somewhat soft resin; it became very brittle on heating one hour at 180 C.

I Composition: (MeSiO-) (S%O); O/Si=1.50

Example 109 SiCl3 and MeSi(OEt)a were mixed in the molar ratio of 3/1. Five grams of ethyl alcohol were added and the mixture was heated till the evolution of I-ICl became inappreciable. 0.03 mol of water were added dropwise and the mixture was heated to boiling for 15 minutes. The copolymer was .a soft resin. 0n heating a film of this material one hour at 180 C. on a glass plate,

a hard Water-clear resin was obtained. This material should be of value as a baking varnish.

Composition: (MeS%O S%O O/Si=1.50

Example To a solution of CH2CH2S1C13 and MeSi 0Etls in equimolecular proportions was added slowly 95% ethyl alcohol to efiect hydrolysis and intercondensation. Water was then added in slight excess. After boiling off the solvents, the concentrated viscous oil was applied to a glass plate and heated over a hot plate at 190 C. In two hours the product had set to a hard and slightly brittle film. The brittleness increased somewhat upon heating an additional twenty hours.

Example 111 A solution of CH2SiCl3 and CizHzssiCla, in the molar proportions 2/1 was diluted with approximately twice its volume of dioxane and then hydrolyzed and into-condensed by the slow additions of a 1:3 solution of water in dioxane. After removing the solvent, the concentrated liquid was applied to a glass plate. Upon heating at 190 C. for two hours, a hard :and somewhat brittle thermosetting resinous film was obtained.

Example 112 A solution of SiC13 and 'C12H25SiC13 in the molar proportions of 2/1 was diluted with approximately twice its volume of dioxane and then hydrolyzed and inter-condensed by the slow additions of a 1:3 solution of water in dioxane. After removing the solvent, a hard brittle thermosetting resinous film was obtained after one hour at 190 C.

Example .113

Aisolution of CH2SiC13 and CH2=C CH3) CH2SiC13 in equi-molar proportions was diluted with approximately twice its volume of dioxane and then hydrolyzed and inter-condensed by the slow addition of a 1:3 solution of water in dioxane. After removing the solvent, the product set to a tough hard resin at 190C. in two hours but became brittle .in twenty additional hours.

Composition:

Example 114 To a solution .of MeSi(OEt)3 and CrzHzsSiClx in the molar proportion 3/1 was added slowly 95% ethyl alcohol to efiect hydrolysis and intercondensation. Water was then added in slight excess. After boiling off the solvents, the concentrated product set in less than one-half hour at 190 C. to a rubbery but crumbly resinous sol-id.

Example 115 A solution of CH2SiC13 and CH2CH2SiC13 in equimolar proportions was diluted with approximately twice its volume of .dioxane and then 29 hydrolyzed and inter-condensed by the slow addition of a 1:3 solution of water in dioxane.

After removing the solvent, the product yielded a hard thermoplastic resinous film in three hours at 190 C. which became a hard and brittle thermosetting resin in twenty hours.

CLASS 13 Example 116 A mixture of one volume of zSiCl2 and 4 voliimes of EtSiCl2 after diluting with an equal volume of dioxane was hydrolyzed by dropwise addition of aqueous dioxane. A viscous liquid resulted, which increased somewhat in viscosity with six or eight hours of heating at 200 C. Extended heating finally caused hardening.

Composition: (1Si|O-) (EtSiO-); /Si=l.00

Example 117 Equimolecular proportions of EtSiClz and MezSi(OEt)z were mixed, diluted with dioxane and treated dropwise with aqueous dioxane with warming and stirring. After evaporation of solvent and any excess water a clear homogeneous oil of medium viscosity remained which was un changed by further heating. For comparison, samples of the corresponding silicones were mixed. They formed two immiscible layers which became miscible on heating but separated again on cooling.

Composition: (dEtSiO-) (MezSiO-); Q/Si=l.00

Example 11 8 The copolymerization of MezSi(OEt)2 and 2SiClz was carried out in dioxane with equimolecular proportions. The result was a clear homogeneous liquid of medium viscosity, unchanged by further heating.

Composition: (MezS'iO-) (qSzSiO-); O/Si=l.00

Example 119 To a solution of (CH2) 2SiC12 and Me2Si(O-Et)2 inthe molar proportions 1/2 was added slowly 95% ethyl alcohol to efiect hydrolysis and inter-condensation. Water was then added in slight excess. After boiling off the solvents, and upon heating at 190 C. the very viscous oil became a thermoplastic resin in 5 hours.

Example 120 To a solution of CI-Iz(Me)Si(OEt)2 and Me2Si(OEt) in the molar proportions 1/2, 95% ethyl alcohol containing a few drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid was added slowly with warming to effect hydrolysis and co-polymerization. Water was then added in excess. After evaporating the solvent, a very viscous oily product remained which formed at 190 C. in fortyeight hours a soft waxy resin.

| Composition: MezSiO- CH2SiO O/Si=l.00

Example 121 To a solution of MeSi(OEt)z and Me2Si(OEt)2 in equimolar proportions 95% ethyl alcohol containing a few drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid was added slowly with warming to effect hydrolysis and co-polymerization. Water was 30 then added in excess. After evaporating the solvents, a rather viscous liquid is obtained. When a small sample of this was applied to a glass plate for seventy-two hours at 190 C., it remained tacky.

Composition: (qSMeSiO-) (MezSiO-); O/Si=l.00

CLASS 14 Example 122 To a solution of zMeSiOEt and Me2SiOEt in equimolar proportions 95% ethyl alcohol containing a few drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid was added slowly with warming to effect hydrolysis and inter-condensation. Water was then added in excess. After evaporating the solvents, the fluid product appeared to have a viscosity and boiling range intermediate between that of bis-phenyldimethylsilicyl oxide and bisdiphenylmethylsilicyl oxide.

. Composition: 2MeSiOSi Me2; O/Si=0.50

Example 123 o (CH2)3SiCl was dissolved in 3 molar excess of (MehSiO-Et to insure the maximum yield of mixed oxide. To this solution was added slowly 95% ethyl alcohol to effect hydrolysis and intercondensation. Water was then added in slight excess. After boiling off the solvent and excess trimethyl compound (as the volatile oxide, MezSi-O-SiMea, B. P. 98 C.) a slightly viscous liquid product was obtained which is the mixed oxide. (The oxide from the tribenzyl compound alone is solid, that from the trimethyl compound is very fluid.)

Composition: Me SiOSi(qbCHz)a; O/Si=0.50

Example 124 As in the preceding example -3SiOH and MesSiOEt were co-hydrolyzed and inter-condensed. As in the preceding example, a liquid of intermediate viscosity was obtained as the product.

Composition: SSiO-SiMe O/Si=0.50

As has been pointed out it is possible to predict the general properties of the inter-condensates on the basis of the oxygen/silicon ratio and the secondary efiect of the size of the organic radicles. However, in all organo-silicon compounds the thermal stability of the carbon-silicon linkage varies with the kind of radicle. It is necessary to take this into account when considering uses for organo-siloxanes. In general there is a decrease in thermal stability with increase in size of aliphatic radicles. This is clearly shown by comparison of the thermal behavior of organosiloxanes containing methyl radicles with those containing dodecyl radicles, as for instance Example 109 and Example 112. The compositions containing allyl, methallyl, benzyl and p-phenylethyl radicles are relatively less stable than compositions containing such radicles as phenyl, methyl, ethyl, etc. Therefore certain temperature limitations are encountered in their uses.

It will be seen that the inter-condensates produced by my method are not mixtures of individual polymers but are new compounds differing therefrom in homogeneity of structure and properties as shown in Examples 25, 32, 33, 106, 117 and 123. It will further be seen that the new polymers may contain various difierent radicles attached to the same silicon atom and the individual silicon atoms may differ in the number and kind or radicles attached thereto in which respect the new polymers differ from previous organo-silicon polymers Where each silicon atom was attached to the same kind of radicles. Such difierences result in new compounds which embody various improvements over previous polymers with respect to temperature coeflicient or" change of viscosity, thermal resistivity, chemical stability, electrical properties, etc.

The organo-siloxanes produced by my method may be adapted to various uses and for any specific use the physical properties and characteristics of the product can be controlled by the proper selection of the initial starting materials so as to obtain the desired oxygen to silicon ratio and a suitable variety of radicles attached to the silicon atom. Products which remain liquid with little or no tendency for further polymerization even at elevated temperatures include products having an oxygen to silicon ratio between 0.5 and 1.0 and particularly those con taining lower alkyl radicles. Such products have good electrical properties whereby they may be used as the liquid filling medium for transformers, circuit breakers, submarine cables, condensers, etc. In general these products have an unusually low coefiicient of change of viscosity with temperature and may find use in hydraulic pressure systems which are subjected to Wide changes of temperatures or as lubricants for systems of moving parts operating under subnormal or abnormal temperatures.

More viscous liquid products such as those wherein the oxygen to silicon ratio lies in the neighborhood of 1.0 or more may also be used for lubricants and are particularly useful as damping media in delicate instruments and the like.

Thermoplastic and thermosetting products having an oxygen-silicon ratio usually greater than 1.0 are useful as molding compounds, film forming coatings, varnishes, impregnating agents for electrical insulation and the like. They may be applied as solutions of the incompletely condensed organo-siloxanes and after evaporation of the solvent can be further polymerized in situ. The more brittle products should be useful embedding media for condenser plates as well as molding compounds. Such products usually have an oxygen-silicon ratio of 1.5 or greater and may be thermoset in situ by heat.

What I claim is: I

A copolymeric organo siloxane consisting of hydrocarbon-substimted silicon units which correspond to the formulae c0115) SiE and 011mm:

respectively, the free valences of which are interconnected by oxygen atoms of siloxane linkages, said oxygen atoms satisfying the remaining valences of said silicon atoms in said units, and the atomic ratio of oxygen to silicon in said siloxane being 1.3 to 1.

JAMES FRANKLIN HYDE.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,258,218 Rochow Oct. '7, 1941 2,258,220 Rochow Oct. 7, 1941 2,258,222 Rochow Oct. 7, 1941 2,371,050 Hyde Mar. 6, 1945 2,386,466 Hyde Oct. 9, 1945 2,442,212 Rochow May 25, 1948 OTHER REFERENCES Ellis: The Chemistry of Synthetic Resin, 1935, vol. I, pages 42 and 43.

Kipping: Tr. J. Chem. Soc. (London), vol. 101, 1912, pp, 2109-2112.

Dilthey: Berichte Deut. Chem. Gesel, vol. 3'7, 1904, pp. 1139 to 1142.

Kipping: Tr. J. Chem. Soc. (London), vol. 101, 1912, pp. 2108, 2113 and 2114.

Meads: Tr. J. Chem. Soc. (London), vol. 105, 1914, pp. 679 and 680.

Robison et al.: Journ. Chem. Soc. (London), vol. 101, 1912, pages 2156-2166.

Meads et al.: Journ. Chem. Soc. (London), vol. 107, 1915, pages 459-469.

Koton: J. Applied Chem., U. S. S. R., vol. 12, pages 1435 to 1439 (1939).

Chemical Abstracts, pages 6242 to 6243 (1940);

Beilstein: Handbuch der Organ. Chemie, vol. XVI, pages 905 and 910, 1933.

Certificate of Correction Patent No. 2,486,162 October 25, 1949 JAMES FRANKLIN HYDE It is hereby certified that errors appear in the printed specification of the above numbered patent requiring correction as follows:

Column 5, line 28, for that portion of the formula reading (R Si) read (R2|] column 7, line'33, for 2.99 read 1.9.9; column 13, line 52, after the Word clear insert tough; column 21, line 75, for 1.49 read 1.40; column 27, line 39, for 0.2 mol read .02 mol;

and that the said Letters Patent should be read With these corrections therein that the same may conform to the record of the case in the Patent Office.

Signed and sealed this 28th day of February, A. D. 1950.

THOMAS F. MURPHY,

Assistant Oommzesz'oner of Patents. 

